Parasitize an invertebrate host to develop. Weeks to one month later, minute im-mature Horsehair worms often twist into a loose ball-shaped knot, such as these adults. Mayfly adultmayfly nymphmantidadult wormseggsADULTS INWATERPREPARASITIC LARVAENTERS AQUATIC NYMPHEGGS INWATERENCYSTEDLARVAPARASITICLARVAįigure 2. Once in the mantid, the horsehair worm grows to an adult and emerges when the mantid seeks water. Inside the mayfly, the larva encysts but doesn’t begin to develop until a host such as a mantid that the horsehair worm can parasitize eats the mayfly. After the egg of the horsehair worm hatches, an aquatic insect, such as a mayfly nymph, eats the preparasitic larva. An example of a horsehair worm life cycle. Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program March 2013įigure 3.
Integrated Pest Management around the Home After mating in spring, the female worm deposits a string of eggs 12 to 24 inches long in the water. There are four stages in the life of a horsehair worm: the egg, the preparasitic larva that hatches from the egg, the parasitic larva that develops within an invertebrate (its host), and the free-living aquatic adult. Because horsehair worms are parasites of invertebrates, especially certain insects, they are commonly encountered in agricultural areas, particularly those having water-impoundment and irrigation facilities. An old and still common misconception is that these long, thin, brown to blackish worms develop from horsehairs that fall into water. Adult worms measure 1/25 inch in diameter and may reach 1 foot or more in length. Horsehair worms occur in knotted masses or as single worms in water sources such as ponds, rain puddles, swimming pools, animal drinking troughs, and even domestic water supplies. They are also called Gordian worms, because they will often twist into a loose ball-shaped knot resembling the baffling one Gordius created in the Greek myth and that is referred to as the Gordian knot (Figure 2). Horsehair worms belong to the phylum Nematomorpha, from the Greek word meaning thread-shaped, class Gordioida (Figure 1).Horsehair Worms Integrated Pest Management
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