Because it is a broadcast packet, it is sent to a special MAC address that causes all machines on the network to receive it. If the IP address isn’t found in the ARP table, the system will then send a broadcast packet to the network using the ARP protocol to ask "who has 192.168.1.1".
If there is a value cached, ARP is not used. When trying to send a packet to an IP address, the system can first consult this table to see if it already knows the MAC address.